First Greek Book Exercises (Key)

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The purpose of this page is to provide assistance with the exercises in First Greek Book by John W. White, which can be freely downloaded and used at the generous provision of the Textkit website here. These answers do not represent an official key to the text. It is solely one man’s work. There may be (and most probably are) mistakes in the body of this work, so I ask with humility that you check your work against mine – and... mone me si erro, amabo te! (Tell me when I make a mistake, please!) Simply send an email to Jason and state that there’s a mistake on the page. It will be greatly appreciated.

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– JH

Lesson III – Μάθημα Τρίτον (Γʹ)
41.	1. small houses. 2. in the market-places. 3. in a small house. 4. The house has a door. 5. The day was long. 6. They have small armies. 7. The houses have doors. 8. There were houses in the region. 9. The houses were small. 10. The doors of the houses were small.
42.	1. ἡμέρας μακρᾶς. 2. στρατιαῖς μικραῖς. 3. ἐν τῇ ἀγορᾷ. 4. ἡ χώρα μικρὰ ἦν. 5. οἰκίαν μικρὰν ἔχει.

Lesson IV – Μάθημα Τέταρτον (Δʹ)
46.	1. There were small tents in the village. 2. The small houses were bad. 3. The tents were beautiful. 4. There was a frightful battle in the village. 5. The outcry of the army was frightful. 6. There were houses in the beautiful villages. 7. He has a sling in the tent. 8. There was a frightful uproar in the villages. 9. The slings were in the tents. 10. The house was small and the tent bad.
47.	1. ἐν ταῖς κώμαις σκηναὶ ἦσαν. 2. ἐν ταῖς σκηναῖς σφενδόνας ἔχουσι. 3. αἱ μάχαι φοβεραὶ ἦσαν. 4. ἐν τῇ κώμῃ οἰκία μικρὰ ἦν. 5. σκηνὰς καὶ σφενδόνας ἔχουσι.

Lesson V – Μάθημα Πέμπτον (Εʹ)
57.	1. He plans. 2. They loose. 3. You (s.) have. 4. You (s.) send. 5. You (p.) have. 6. We plan. 7. I bring. 8. He plunders. 9. You (p.) plunder. 10. They send.
58.	1. ἁρπάζει. 2. ἄγομεν. 3. βουλεύουσι. 4. πέμπεις/πέμπετε. 5. λύω.
59.	1. I lead a Greek army. 2. They destroy the beautiful tents. 3. I do not plunder the villages. 4. They lead the garrison out of the tents. 5. They have beautiful houses. 6. The villages do not have gates. 7. We do not send the garrison. 8. Do you (p.) plunder the region? 9. He sends the army out of the villages. 10. Do you (s.) lead the Greek garrison out of the market-place?
60.	1. φυλακὴν Ἑλληνικὴν ἔχει; 2. τὰς πύλας οὐ λύομεν. 3. φυλακὴν πέμπω. 4. οἰκίαν καλὴν ἔχεις/ἔχετε. 5. τὰς οἰκίας ἐν τῇ κώμῃ οὐχ ἁρπάζει.

Lesson VI – Μάθημα Ἕκτον (Ϛʹ)
64.	1. The sea was narrow. 2. Does he have houses by the sea? 3. You (p.) bring tables on the wagons. 4. They send wagons to the market-place. 5. He has a good garrison by the bridge. 6. We have shields and good sabres. 7. I do not lead the garrison onto the sea. 8. Do you (s.) send sabres to the army? 9. He does not lead the army onto the bridge. 10. You plunder the region from sea to sea.
65.	1. τὰς τραπέζας λύομεν. 2. τὰς ἁμάξας οὐχ ἁρπάζουσι. 3. αἱ γέφυραι μακραὶ καὶ στεναὶ ἦσαν. 4. τὰς μαχαίρας ἐπὶ τῆς ἁμάξης ἄγει; 5. τὴν φυλακὴν οὐκ ἄγει ἐκ τῶν κωμῶν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν.

Lesson VII – Μάθημα Ἕβδομον (Ζʹ)
71.	1. You (p.) were loosing. 2. I was leading. / They were leading. 3. You (p.) had. 4. I was loosing. / They were loosing. 5. You (s.) were leading. 6. He had. 7. You (s.) were planning. 8. He was sending. 9. We were plotting. 10. We were planning.
72.	1. ἔλυον. 2. εἴχομεν. 3. ἔπεμπες/ἐπέμπετε. 4. ἐβούλευε. 5. ἥρπαζον.
73.	1. The house had beautiful doors. 2. He was sending the garrison to the village. 3. He had beautiful houses in the villages. 4. Were you plundering the tents? 5. You were not leading the garrison out of the house. 6. We were not plundering the small villages. 7. You (p.) had wagons in the market-place. 8. I was (they were) leading the Greek garrison onto the sea. 9. He was bringing sabres and slings on the wagon. 10. We were sending a Greek garrison to the market-place.
74.	1. τὰς σκηνὰς ἔλυε. 2. τὴν φυλακὴν οὐκ ἐπέμπομεν εἰς τὴν γέφυραν. 3. τὰς ἁμάξας ἥρπαζον. 4. τὴν στρατιὰν οὐκ ἦγον ἐκ τῆς κώμης. 5. τὴν φυλακὴν ἦγες/ἤγετε ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν εἰς τὴν θάλατταν.

Lesson VIII – Μάθημα Ὄγδοον (Ηʹ)
79.	1. Was he sending gifts to the army? 2. There were some houses in the place. 3. The war was frightful. 4. He was sending men to the plain. 5. We are leading the horses out of the place. 6. In the place there were both horses and men. 7. We send gifts to [our] allies. 8. The allies are cowards in war. 9. The words of the allies were beautiful. 10. The men’s horses were in the plain.
80.	1. οἱ σύμμαχοι ἵππους εἶχον. (or, τοῖς συμμάχοις ἵπποι ἦσαν.) 2. εἰς τὴν κώμην τὸν ἵππον ἦγον. 3. τὸ πεδίον στενὸν ἦν. 4. ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐν πολέμῳ κακὸς ἦν. 5. τοὺς ἵππους τοῖς συμμάχοις ἔπεμπε.

Lesson IX – Μάθημα Ἔνατον (Θʹ)
84.	1. The road was narrow. 2. There were wild beasts in the plain. 3. The boats were long. 4. The general was upon the river. 5. But we have, oh Cyrus, no bows. 6. A visible road leads to Cyrus’ villages. 7. The general was sending the horses to the plain. 8. Cyrus was sending wine to the general. 9. The road, oh Cyrus, leads to a beautiful plain. 10. The horses carried both the generals and the arms.
85.	1. τοῖς στρατηγοῖς Κῦρος δῶρα ἔπεμπε. 2. τὸν ἵππον εἰς τὸν ποταμὸν ἦγε. 3. ὁ στραγηγὸς πλοῖα μακρὰ εἶχε. (or, τῷ στραγηγῷ πλοῖα μακρὰ ἦν.) 4. τῷ Κύρῳ τὸν οἶνον πέμπομεν. 5. οἱ στρατηγοὶ ἵππους ἔπεμπον τῷ Κύρῳ.

Lesson X – Μάθημα Δέκατον (Ιʹ)
95.	1. They will have. 2. They collected. 3. You (p.) will send. 4. You (s.) commanded. 5. We plotted against. 6. You (p.) pursued. 7. We led. 8. You (p.) will lead. 9. You (s.) got. 10. We plundered.
96.	1. διώξω. 2. ἕξομεν. 3. ἐκελεύσαμεν. 4. ἀθροίσει. 5. ἤγαγον.
97.	1. I will not pursue the enemy. 2. Will we have the gifts? 3. The barbarians will plunder the tents. 4. He will command the general to release the men. 5. He led the allies among the barbarians. 6. Cyrus will plot against his brother. 7. At that time Cyrus sent pay to the men. 8. But the general had the Greek garrison. 9. He will gather his Greek allies to the plain. 10. And Cyrus commanded the general to send a garrison onto the bridge.
98.	1. οἱ βάρβαροι τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἔπεμψαν. 2. οἱ στρατηγοὶ τότε ἵππους ἤγαγον. 3. τῷ στρατηγῷ οἶνον ἀγαθὸν πέμψει Κῦρος; 4. τοῖς συμμάχοις οὐκ ἐπιβουλεύσει. 5. κελεύσει τὸν στρατηγὸν τοὺς πολεμίους διώκειν.

Lesson XI – Μάθημα Ἑνδέκατον (ΙΑʹ)
103.	1. I will collect soldiers and horses for Cyrus. 2. But the young man plotted against the soldiers. 3. He will lead the soldiers onto the Euphrates river. 4. And I led the hoplites with their general to villages. 5. He led the Persian to the soldier’s tent. 6. The soldiers will hold the Persians in guard. 7. He has the Euphrates river on his right. 8. But the general had neither bowman nor targeteer. 9. He was pursuing the bowmen with his targeteers. 10. But the general has three hundred hoplites and targeteers.
104.	1. ὁ στρατητὸς τοὺς ὁπλίτας οὐκ ἦγε. 2. καὶ οἱ πελτασταὶ καὶ οἱ τοξόται ἀγαθοὶ ἦσαν. 3. ὁ νεανίας ἐν τῇ κώμῃ ἦν. 4. τοὺς ὁπλίτας καὶ τοξότας ἔπεμψαν. 5. τοῖς Πέρσαις δῶρα καλὰ πέμψει.

Lesson XII – Μάθημα Δωδέκατον (ΙΒʹ)
117.	1. You have had. 2. He had loosed. 3. They have made an expedition. 4. He has sacriﬁced. 5. I had had. 6. We have plundered. 7. They had sacked. 8. You have sent. 9. They had commanded. 10. They have plotted against.
118.	1. ἐσχήκαμεν. 2. ἐκεκελεύκη. 3. ἐδεδιώχεσαν. 4. πέπομφας/πεπόμφατε. 5. ἐπιβεβούλευκε.
119.	1. We have pursued the enemy through the villages to the sea. 2. And the barbarians had completely plundered the wagons. 3. We had send three hundred darics to the hoplites. 4. But Clearchus had plotted against the Persians. 5. The soldiers had led the man to Cyrus. 6. Clearchus had not commanded the soldiers to sacriﬁce. 7. You have made an expedition against the country of the enemy. 8. The soldiers have broken (λελύκασι) their oaths; for they have not sacriﬁced to the gods. 9. You have mustered, oh Cyrus, the targeteers and the bowmen against the barbarians. 10. But the soldiers had destroyed the wagons on account of their fear of the enemy.
120.	1. λελύκαμεν τοὺς ὅρκους. 2. οἱ στρατιῶται ἐτεθύκεσαν τοῖς θεοῖς. 3. (ἆρ᾿) οἱ πελτασταὶ τὰς κώμας διηρπάκασι; 4. ὁ στρατιώτης τῷ Κύρῳ ἐπιβεβούλευκε. 5. ὁ ἀδελφὸς (αὐτοῦ) τὸν Κῦρον ἐκεκελεύκει δῶρα πέμπειν (πέμψαι).

Lesson XIII – Μάθημα Τρίτον καὶ Δέκατον (ΙΓʹ)

125.

Cyrus, the son of Darius, was an admirable¹ Persian. Darius made him satrap of Lydia, Phrygia and Cappadocia.

Cyrus held strongholds in the province and warships in the sea, and he had brave soldiers in the region, Greek hoplites and targeteers and Persian bowmen.

But Tissaphernes, the satrap of Karia, was hostile to Cyrus, yet at that time he neither made an expedition against him nor sacked the region. For Cyrus was a powerful general in war, as well as the son of Darius; so Tissaphernes was afraid of Cyrus (lit., “had fear toward Cyrus”).

1. The combination of the two adjectives καλὸς καὶ ἀγαθός is often written in krasis as καλὸς κἀγαθός (and later as καλοκἄγαθος [see LSJ]), and it refers to someone of excellence in character. In political contexts, it refers to an aristocrat. Cf. Smyth 1034.a.

Lesson XIV – Μάθημα Τέταρον καὶ Δέκατον (ΙΔʹ)
132.	1. There were wild donkeys and horses in the plain. 2. The Euphrates river was impassable. 3. The road was narrow and steep. 4. But will we, oh Cyrus, have the supplies? 5. Artaxerxes was hostile to his brother. 6. The satrap will lead the soldiers through the friendly province. 7. Darius sacked the hostile region. 8. So he was wholly hostile to Artaxerxes, but he was faithful to Cyrus. 9. It was not right for the hoplite to strike the Persian bowman. 10. The Persians were neither friendly nor faithful.	1. The aorist ἐβασίλευσα is inceptive. Cf. Smyth 1924 and 1925. The imperfect ἐβασίλευον is used to say that someone “reigned.” 2. Historical present (see notes in text). 3. Notice that συλλαμβάνω + dat. is taught in Athenaze for “help” or “assist.” With the accusative, however, it means “seize,” “arrest” or “lay hands on.” Dramatic difference!
133.	1. ἡ ὁδὸς ἄπορος ἦν. 2. ὁ Κῦρος ἐπιτήδεια τῇ φυλακῇ οὐκ ἔπεμψε. 3. εἰς χωρία ἰσχυρὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους ἄξουσι. 4. οἱ ὁπλίται στρατιῶται ἀγαθοὶ καὶ πιστοὶ ἦσαν. 5. ἄξιον ἦν τῷ Κύρῳ πέμψαι (πέμπειν) τοῖς στρατιώταις δῶρα.
134.	For Cyrus was satrap of Lydia, Phrygia and Cappadocia. But when Darius died, Artaxerxes the brother of Cyrus became king¹ of the Persians, and Tissaphernes accused² Cyrus to his brother of plotting against him. And Artaxerxes arrested³ Cyrus.

Lesson XV – Μάθημα Πέμπτον καὶ Δέκατον (ΙΕʹ)
142.	1. They have brought hoplites instead of bowmen. 2. You are thus plotting against our allies. 3. But he has dishonored Cyrus. 4. I have hunted animals on horseback. 5. Shall we send the letters to our friends? 6. Oh soldiers, since he has broken his oaths, Clearchus has his punishment. 7. But we have plundered the country on account of the loss of our soldiers. 8. He is again sending a messenger unto (ἐπί + acc.) the stronghold.	1. Both λύει and ἀποπέμπει are historical presents here. 2. ὅπως βασιλεύσει.
143.	1. συμμάχους ἀθροίσομεν τοῖς φίλοις (ἡμῶν). 2. θηρία τεθήρευκεν ἀπὸ ἵππου. 3. ὁ ἄγγελος τοῖς θεοῖς θύσει. 4. τοὺς στρατιώτας κεκέλευκα τὰς ἁμάξας ἁρπάξαι (or ἁρπάζειν). 5. ἐπιστολὴν τῷ στρατηγῷ πέμπει ὁ Κῦρος.
144.	Thus then did Artaxerxes dishonor his brother. But their mother released¹ Cyrus and sent him away¹ again unto his province. But when Cyrus had arrived at Lydia, he planned how he should be king² in his brother’s stead; for he was hostile to him. But the barbarians in his province were friendly and faithful to Cyrus.

Lesson XVI – Μάθημα Ἕκτον καὶ Δέκατον (ΙϚʹ)
151.	1. They had struck the commander. 2. So Cyrus was planning evil against¹ his brother. 3. The young men had had long bows and good slings. 4. And the general made an expedition against² the country of the satrap. 5. We sent good soldiers with the general. 6. When they released the slings, we sacked the villages. 7. But the barbarians ﬁred their bows from the horses. 8. Thus was he leading the captain to Clearchus. 9. For Artaxerxes had commanded the general to send (πέμπειν = “to be sending”) taxes. 10. You had enough soldiers in the strongholds to sack (διαρπάζειν = “to be sacking”) the villages.	1. τῷ ἀδελφῷ here is the “dative of association” (Smyth §1523). 2. This uses ἐπί + accusative. 3. Both κελεύει and πολιορκεῖ here are historical presents.
152.	1. ὁπλίτας καὶ τοξότας ὧδε ἠθροίκη. 2. τοῖς ἄλλοις κακὸν ἐβούλευσαν. 3. οἱ σὺν τῷ Κύρῳ ὁπλῖται ἥρπαζον τὰς ἁμάξας. 4. καὶ οἱ στρατηγοὶ καὶ οἱ λοχαγοὶ ἐτεθύκεσαν. 5. ἐκέλευσε τὸν σατράπην πέμψαι (πέμπειν) δῶρα.
153.	And he thus mustered the Greek army: he ordered³ the commanders of the garrisons to gather Peloponnesian soldiers: for he reckoned, as he was saying, Tissaphernes to plot against the province. And while the other Iona was then friendly and faithful to Cyrus, Miletus was hostile [to him]. So Cyrus besieged³ Miletus both by land and by sea.

Lesson XVII – Μάθημα Ἕβδομον καὶ Δέκατον (ΙΖʹ)
162.	1. These houses have doors. 2. These soldiers were striking the stranger. 3. Now Aristippus the Tessalian was a stranger to him. 4. But after this Clearchus himself was said this. 5. And these people were thus gathering the targeteers. 6. They are making the same plans. 7. And he command them to say (λέγειν = “to be saying”) these things. 8. This plan was not frightful. 9. But this same man commands those men to plunder (ἁρπάζειν = “to be plundering”) the country. 10. Clearchus said these things: but the soldiers, both those of that same one and the others, they bid him lead the army.
163.	1. οὗτοι οἱ στρατιῶται φίλιοι ἦσαν. 2. ὁ Κῦρος ἐκείνοις τοῖς στρατιώταις τὸν μισθὸν ἔπεμψαν. 3. ὁ δὲ στρατηγὸς τάδε εἶπεν (= ἔλεξεν) αὐτῷ. 4. τῷ αὐτῷ στρατηγῷ ἄγουσιν αὐτόν.
164.	So in this way Cyrus was gathering the army against Miletus. And he sent messengers to his brother and said this: “I desire (ἐπιθυμῶ), oh Artaxerxes, to be satrap also of Ionia, and to expel Tissaphernes from his country.” And his mother cooperates with him in this. So, Artaxerxes is not suspicious of Cyrus’ plan; for that one (Cyrus) sends his tributes away to him (Artaxerxes).

Lesson XVIII – Μάθημα Ὄγδοον καὶ Δέκατος (ΙΗʹ)
171.	1. You are in the power of your brother. 2. It is not right to be breaking¹ the truce. 3. For the passage is narrow here/there. 4. You (p.) are dear to Cyrus rather than to his brother. 5. We were in the park. 6. But Clearchus has 10,000 darics. 7. We are strangers, oh Cyrus, to the satrap. 8. The heads of the Maeander river are out of the palace. 9. You are to Cyrus, oh soldiers, both friends and allies. 10. But Cyrus has both a palace and stronghold at the heads of the river.	1. The present infintive, λύειν, would be continuous. The aorist, λῦσαι, would be more appropriate in this sentence. We don’t cover the aorist infintive until lesson XLIX of the text.
172.	1. αὕτη ἡ χώρα πολεμία ἐστὶ τῷ Ἀρταξέρξῃ. 2. οἱ στρατιῶται ὅπλα καὶ ἵππους ἔχουσι. OR ἔστι/εἴσι τοῖς στρατιώταις ὅπλα καὶ ἵπποι. 3. οὗτοι οἱ τοῦ Κύρου φίλοι στρατιῶται ἦσαν. 4. ἐν γὰρ χώρᾳ πολεμίᾳ εἶ/ἐστέ. 5. ἐν τούτῳ τῷ χωρίῳ παράδεισος καλὸς ἦν.
173.	But Clearchus the Lacedaemonian gathered other soldiers for Cyrus in Cherronisus; for he provided 10,000 darics to him as to a friend. And Aristippus the Thessalian was a stranger to him, and he gathered an army in Thessaly. And he ordered both Proxenus and Sophaenetus to make a campaign with the other generals; and they did so.

Lesson XIX – Μάθημα Ἔνατον καὶ Δέκατον (ΙΘʹ)
179.	1. He will take the field¹ with Cyrus. 2. They used to not obey the gods. 3. They would truly² proceed onto the river. 4. Artaxerxes will bring his own army. 5. We are ready to ransom the soldiers. 6. Cyrus is summoning his Persian force (τὸ βαρβαρικόν). 7. We will proceed through the field to the villages. 8. Cyrus consults [his] generals and captains. 9. There was a village beyond the Euphrates; the soldiers were purchasing [their] provisions out of this [village].	1. συστρατεύσεσθαι can mean either “serve in war with” or “take the field with.” 2.With the dative of manner, τῇ δ᾿ ἀληθείᾳ means “in truth” or “truly.” 3. In this reading, λέγει, στρατεύεται and ἀθροίζει are historic presents.
180.	1. καὶ ἐπὶ τῇ ἁμάξῃ ἐπορεύετο. 2. οἱ τοξόται τὰ τόξα (αὐτῶν) μεταπέμπονται. 3. οὐκ ἐπείθου τῷ ἀδελφῷ (αὐτοῦ). 4. οὐκ ἐπορεύου εἰς τὸν Κῦρον. 5. οἱ πελτασταὶ ἀγοράσονται τὰ ἐπιτήδεια.
181.	Now when Cyrus was ready to proceed upward, he claimed³ that he was going to war³ against the Pisidians; but in truth he was proceeding against his brother. And he collects both the Persian and the Greek force as if [to march] against the former. There he also ordered³ Clearchus to come and Aristippus to send away the soldiers [who were] in Thessale to Lydia. He also ordered the other foreigners to take the field together. And they obeyed; for they trusted him.

Lesson XX – Μάθημα Εἰκοστόν (Κʹ)
189.	1. They have proceeded to the side of Cyrus. 2. He gladly stopped from the war with the barbarians. 3. He dismissed the general and the satrap. 4. The soldiers had proceeded for a five days’ march through the friendly country. 5. Few of the soldiers purchased supplies for themselves. 6. The hoplites have proceeded onto the summit. 7. Even the satrap sent for horses, arms and the enitre equipment into Phrygia. 8. And when they were also present, Cyrus marched into the country of the enemy.
190.	1. ὁ Κῦρος ὀλίγους μετεπέμψατο τῶν στρατηγῶν. 2. εἰς τὰς τοῦ ποταμοῦ πηγὰς πεπόρευντο. 3. τῲ Κύρῳ συμβεβούλευτο. 4. τῆς μάχης ἡδέως πεπαύσει/πεπαύσῃ. 5. ὁ στρατὸς σταθμοὺς πέντε ἐπεπόρευτο.
191.	These were indeed with him unto Sardis. Tissaphernes proceeded to Cyrus’ side; for he did not reckon this preparation to be against the Pisidians. And Artaxerxes, when Tissafernes said these things, prepared himself against [him]. Now, having these soldiers, Cyrus led [them] out from Sardis through Lydia three days’ march upon the Maeander river. Now upon this [river] there was a bridge. From there, he marched out through Phrygia unto Colosse.

Lesson XXI – Μάθημα Πρῶτον καὶ Εἰκοστόν (ΚΑʹ)
205.	1. We will be freed from these terrible things. 2. On the narrow road, we were hard pressed by the enemy. 3. A messenger is said to have come from Darius. 4. The bowmen were thus summoned. 5. They were chased through the field for seven parasangs. 6. A letter was written to Clearchus. 7. The weapons were stolen out of the villages by the barbarians. 8. On the right, twenty hoplites were shot with bows. 9. From there, they will be sent by Cyrus to Phrygia.	1. μένει is historical present.
206.	1. ἐντεῦθεν ὁπλῖται εἴκοσι ἤχθησαν. 2. ἡ γέφυρα λυθήσεται. 3. ἐπείσθη ὑπὸ τοῦ στρατηγοῦ. 4. πέντε πελτασταὶ ἐτοξεύθησαν ἐν τῷ δεξιῷ. 5. πιεσθήσονται ὑπὸ τῶν στρατιωτῶν.
207.	Cyrus remained¹ there for seven days; and Meno the Thessalonian arrived, having hoplites and targeteers. From there he led twenty parasangs out unto Celaenae. In that place Cyrus had a kingdom and a garden. And in this [garden] there were wild beasts; he used to hunt these things on horseback. In this way, he also exercised [his] horses. And through the garden there flowed the Maeander river; and its sources are from the kingdoms; and it flows also through Celaenae.