{"id":3250,"date":"2026-05-22T14:35:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-22T11:35:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/?p=3250"},"modified":"2026-05-22T14:36:06","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T11:36:06","slug":"circle-of-earth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/2026\/05\/circle-of-earth\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cThe Circle of the Earth\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"boldgrid-section\">\n<div class=\"container\">\n<div class=\"row\">\n<div class=\"col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-xs-12 col-sm-12\">\n<p class=\"\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><span lang=\"he\" style=\"font-size: 150%; line-height: 150%;\"><strong style=\"color: red; font-weight: 400;\">\u05d4\u05b7\u05d9\u05b9\u05bc\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05d1\u0599 \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc\u05be\u05d7\u05a3\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b8\u0594\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5<\/strong> \u05d5\u05b0\u05d9\u05b9\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05d1\u05b6\u0596\u05d9\u05d4\u05b8 \u05db\u05b7\u05bc\u05d7\u05b2\u05d2\u05b8\u05d1\u05b4\u0591\u05d9\u05dd<br \/>\n\u05d4\u05b7\u05e0\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05d8\u05b6\u05a4\u05d4 \u05db\u05b7\u05d3\u05b9\u05bc\u05e7\u0599 \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u0594\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d5\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05bc\u05de\u05b0\u05ea\u05b8\u05bc\u05d7\u05b5\u05a5\u05dd \u05db\u05b8\u05bc\u05d0\u05b9\u0596\u05d4\u05b6\u05dc \u05dc\u05b8\u05e9\u05b8\u05bd\u05c1\u05d1\u05b6\u05ea\u05c3<\/span><br \/>\nIsaiah 40:22, MT<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">I find it strange that the question of the earth\u2019s shape even comes up among semi-intelligent people today. How has society so debased itself that people have reverted to primitive thinking and pre-scientific reliance on nothing but what your five senses can demonstrate to you? Did we not already establish that reality can be counterintuitive and that data and experimentation must often trump what we see with our eyes? That said, and for whatever reason, people in this generation are allowing themselves to be persuaded by arguments meant to present themselves as healthy skepticism and calling into question what our elders have told us.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This isn\u2019t a terrible idea. We should never accept things just because we were told that they are true. The bad aspect of this calling things into question is that those who believe that the earth is flat often share other conspiratorial thinking and live beyond the bounds of healthy skepticism. It is becoming more common today to run into someone who kicks up this conversation around the dinner table among friends. It has even made its way to Israel and has taken on expression in the Hebrew language. The normal response is to simply refer our flat earther friends (\u201cflerfs\u201d) to science and to the evidence that we have that the universe (indeed, the cosmos) is what we know it to be from the observations of our instruments. Now, I am not a scientist and wouldn\u2019t want to engage in these discussions, but recently they have taken a path into the realm of biblical Hebrew, which interests me far more than the conspiracy theories that are whipping back and forth in today\u2019s societies.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The Bible is often called into the discussion by both fundamentalists, who think that every word of the Bible is true and inerrant, and by skeptics who argue that the thinking of the biblical authors was primitive, that they could not have envisioned the cosmos in the way that we see it today. A YouTuber named Nuriel, who calls himself <a style=\"color: blue;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@roundtr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Round About<\/a>, has taken to opposing flerfs on a different footing from the majority of those who take up opposition to the flat earth arguments. Round About is a Bible-believing Jew who takes up the opposite position of flat earth Evangelicals. Whereas they read the Bible literally when it says that God stretched out the heavens and made a firmament, Round About argues that the Bible doesn\u2019t at all teach that the earth is flat and that those verses which seem to argue in support of a flat earth are metaphors. This makes his argument a bit different from most, in that he accepts the Bible as inerrant while opposing flat earthers. Normally, those who are on the inerrantist side accept flat earth, and those who oppose it either reject biblical authority or acknowledge that the Bible teaches a flat earth while admitting that these parts of the Bible should be rejected as pre-scientific and mistaken.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">First, I will admit that Round About puts out some good arguments against flat earth claims. He accepts scientific data and what science has demonstrated regarding reality. He denies that the Bible teaches flat earth out of dedication to the dogma of inerrancy. Whereas we agree with Nuriel that the earth is spherical, should we accept what he has to say about the Bible not teaching a flat earth? Let\u2019s look at the question together.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/RsGMUi85LEI?si=aX1vdAUim9SJUSah\" width=\"560\" height=\"315\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p class=\"\"><!--more--><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\">Isaiah 40:22 and Chug Ha\u2019Arets<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\">In the debate over the biblical presentation of the shape of the earth\u2014whether the Tanach represents the earth as flat or as a sphere\u2014<a style=\"color: blue;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Isaiah%2040%3A22&amp;version=NRSVUE;WLC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Isaiah 40:22<\/a> takes center stage. It presents God as sitting high above the earth and looking down at how small its inhabitants are, as if they were insignificant grasshoppers. \u201cIt is he who sits above the circle of the earth, and its inhabitants are like grasshoppers, who stretches out the heavens like a curtain and spreads them like a tent to live in\u201d (NRSVUE). I remember when it had to be pointed out to me that a \u201ccircle\u201d is not the same thing as a \u201csphere,\u201d though they are both \u201cround\u201d\u2014one in three dimensions and one in two. The two-dimensional shape cannot be taken as corresponding to what we find about the earth in reality. The word in the Hebrew of the verse is <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span>. Let\u2019s take a quick look at the entries for this word in two of the most trusted Hebrew lexica used nowadays.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">[HALOT] Koehler and Baumgartner\u2019s <em>The Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament<\/em> (Brill, 1994\u20132000):<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 2px solid red;\"><span lang=\"he\" style=\"font-size: 150%;\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span>\u200e: \u2192 <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05d2<\/span>\u200e; MHb. <span lang=\"he\">\u05e2\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05d4<\/span>\u200e, &gt; JArm.t Syr. <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b0\u05ea\u05b8\u05d0<\/span>\u200e: circle <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b8\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5<\/span> the earth conceived as a disc Is 40:22, <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc\u05be\u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b5\u05d9 \u05ea\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05dd<\/span> the horizon on the sea Pr 8:27; <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd<\/span> the vault of heaven Jb 22:14 Sir 43:12. \u2020<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">[DCH] David Clines\u2019s <em>Dictionary of Classical Hebrew<\/em> (Sheffield, 1993\u20132011):<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 2px solid red;\"><span lang=\"he\" style=\"font-size: 150%;\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span>\u200e <sub>3.1.1<\/sub> n.[m.] <strong>circle<\/strong>\u2014cstr. <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span>\u2014with ref. to <strong>horizon<\/strong> (Is 40:22; Jb 26:10 [if em.] Pr 8:27; 1QM 10<sub>13<\/sub>), <strong>vault<\/strong> of heaven (Jb 22:14; Si 43:12), &lt;OBJ&gt; <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05e7\u05e7<\/span>&nbsp;<em>mark out<\/em> Jb 26:10 (if em. <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05b9\u05e7\u05be\u05d7\u05b8\u05d2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>he drew a circle<\/em> to <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05b9\u05e7\u05b5\u05e7\/\u05d7\u05b7\u05e7 \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span>&nbsp;<em>he decreed a circle<\/em>) Pr 8:27, <span lang=\"he\">\u05e0\u05e7\u05e3<\/span> hi.&nbsp;<em>surround<\/em> Si 43:12(M[Yadin]) ([<span lang=\"he\">\u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4<\/span>]\u200e <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05d2<\/span>; B <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7<\/span>, either <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05b9\u05e7<\/span>&nbsp;<em>statute<\/em>, i.e. boundary, or <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05e7<\/span>&nbsp;<em>circle<\/em>; Bmg <span lang=\"he\">\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05d3<\/span> <em>splendour<\/em>), <span lang=\"he\">\u05d4\u05dc\u05da<\/span> htp.&nbsp;<em>walk<\/em> upon Jb 22:14, <span lang=\"he\">\u05d1\u05e8\u05d0<\/span> <em>create<\/em> 1QM 10<sub>13<\/sub>. &lt;cstr&gt; <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd<\/span> <em>circle<\/em>, i.e. vault <em>of heaven<\/em> Jb 22:14, <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b8\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5<\/span> <em>circle of the earth<\/em>, appar. vault of heaven Is 40:22, <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05d2 \u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd<\/span> <em>circle of the seas<\/em> 1QM 10<sub>13<\/sub>. &lt;prep&gt; <span lang=\"he\">\u05e2\u05b7\u05dc<\/span> <em>upon<\/em>, <em>above<\/em>, + <span lang=\"he\">\u05d9\u05e9\u05c1\u05d1<\/span> <em>sit<\/em> Is 40:22. &lt;coll&gt; <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc\u05be\u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05e0\u05b5\u05d9 \u05ea\u05b0\u05d4\u05d5\u05b9\u05dd<\/span> <em>a circle on the face of the deep<\/em> Pr 8:27, sim. Jb 26:10 (<span lang=\"he\">\u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd<\/span> on the face of <em>the waters<\/em>; if em.; see Subj.).*<br \/>\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \u25ba <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span> <em>draw a circle<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">And for those who can read modern Hebrew, here is the entry from Even-Shoshan:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin-left: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 2px solid red;\"><span style=\"font-size: 150%;\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span> (\u05d6\u05f3) [\u05de\u05df \u05d7\u05d5\u05d2] 1. \u05e2\u05b4\u05d2\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc, \u05d4\u05b6\u05e7\u05bc\u05b5\u05e3: \u201d\u05d5\u05b0\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05e9\u05c1\u05b8\u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d9\u05b4\u05ea\u05b0\u05d4\u05b7\u05dc\u05bc\u05b8\u05da\u05b0\u201c (\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05db\u05d1 \u05d9\u05d3). 2.<sup>\u05d7<\/sup> \u05db\u05bc\u05b8\u05dc \u05d0\u05b6\u05d7\u05b8\u05d3 \u05de\u05b4\u05e9\u05bc\u05c1\u05b0\u05e0\u05b5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b7\u05e2\u05b2\u05d2\u05b8\u05dc\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b7\u05e7\u05b0\u05d1\u05bc\u05b4\u05d9\u05dc\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b7\u05e9\u05c1\u05b0\u05d5\u05b6\u05d4 \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05db\u05b7\u05d3\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05e8 \u05d4\u05b7\u05e9\u05bc\u05c1\u05b8\u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d5\u05bc\u05d1\u05b0\u05db\u05b7\u05d3\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05e8 \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b8\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5: \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b7\u05d2\u05bc\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9 \u05d5\u05b0\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b7\u05e1\u05bc\u05b7\u05e8\u05b0\u05d8\u05b8\u05df [\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05bc\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9, \u05e1\u05b7\u05e8\u05b0\u05d8\u05b8\u05df]. 3.<sup>\u05d7<\/sup> \u05e1\u05b0\u05d1\u05b4\u05d9\u05d1\u05b8\u05d4, \u05ea\u05bc\u05b0\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05dd, \u05d0\u05b5\u05d6\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8: \u201d\u05ea\u05bc\u05b4\u05e9\u05bc\u05c1\u05b8\u05d0\u05b5\u05e8&#8230; \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05ea\u05d5\u05b9\u05da\u05b0 \u05d4\u05b7\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b7\u05e6\u05bc\u05b7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05c1\u05b6\u05d4\u05b4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e1\u05b0\u05d2\u05d5\u05bc\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9 \u05e2\u05b7\u05ea\u05bc\u05b8\u05d4\u201c (\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e2\u05dd, \u05dc\u05d8). \u05db\u05bc\u05b8\u05dc \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05b8\u05e2\u05b8\u05dd \u05d4\u05b4\u05e9\u05c1\u05b0\u05ea\u05bc\u05b7\u05ea\u05bc\u05b0\u05e4\u05d5\u05bc \u05d1\u05bc\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b4\u05e4\u05b0\u05e2\u05b8\u05dc. \u05d1\u05bc\u05b4\u05dc\u05bc\u05b4\u05d9\u05ea\u05b4\u05d9 \u05d0\u05b6\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05e9\u05bc\u05c1\u05b7\u05d1\u05bc\u05b8\u05ea \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b4\u05e9\u05c1\u05b0\u05e4\u05bc\u05b8\u05d7\u05b8\u05d4. \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b6\u05de\u05b0\u05e9\u05c1\u05b8\u05dc\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05b4\u05db\u05b0\u05d7\u05b4\u05d9\u05e9\u05c1\u05d5\u05bc \u05d0\u05b6\u05ea \u05d4\u05b7\u05e9\u05bc\u05c1\u05b0\u05de\u05d5\u05bc\u05e2\u05b8\u05d4. 4.<sup>\u05d7<\/sup> [\u05d1\u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4] \u05d4\u05b6\u05e7\u05bc\u05b5\u05e3, \u05ea\u05bc\u05b0\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05dd: \u201d\u05d0\u05b2\u05d1\u05b8\u05dc \u05db\u05bc\u05b0\u05e9\u05c1\u05b6\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2-\u05de\u05b7\u05d1\u05bc\u05b8\u05d8\u05d5\u05b9 \u05de\u05b4\u05ea\u05b0\u05e8\u05b7\u05d7\u05b5\u05d1, \u05db\u05bc\u05b0\u05e9\u05c1\u05b6\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05d5\u05b9\u05d0\u05b6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05b0\u05e4\u05b8\u05e0\u05b8\u05d9\u05d5 \u05db\u05bc\u05b8\u05dc \u05d4\u05b8\u05e2\u05d5\u05b9\u05dc\u05b8\u05dd\u201c (\u05d1\u05e8\u05e0\u05e8, \u05d0 435). \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d9\u05b0\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05b9\u05ea\u05b8\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05c1\u05b6\u05dc \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b4\u05d9\u05e9\u05c1 \u05e8\u05b8\u05d7\u05b8\u05d1. 5.<sup>\u05d7<\/sup> \u05e7\u05b0\u05d1\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b7\u05ea \u05d0\u05b2\u05e0\u05b8\u05e9\u05c1\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b4\u05ea\u05b0\u05db\u05bc\u05b7\u05e0\u05bc\u05b0\u05e1\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05b0\u05e2\u05b4\u05ea\u05bc\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b0\u05d6\u05bb\u05de\u05bc\u05b8\u05e0\u05d5\u05b9\u05ea \u05dc\u05b0\u05e9\u05c1\u05b5\u05dd \u05e4\u05bc\u05b0\u05e2\u05bb\u05dc\u05bc\u05b8\u05d4 \u05de\u05b0\u05e1\u05bb\u05d9\u05bc\u05b6\u05de\u05b6\u05ea: \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05dc\u05b0\u05dc\u05b4\u05de\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3 \u05ea\u05bc\u05b8\u05e0\u05b8\u05f4\u05da\u05b0. \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d3\u05bc\u05b0\u05e8\u05b8\u05de\u05b8\u05ea\u05b4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05d1\u05b5\u05d9\u05ea-\u05d4\u05b7\u05e1\u05bc\u05b5\u05e4\u05b6\u05e8. [\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05be, \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b5\u05d9\u05be]<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The dictionaries in both Hebrew and English clearly say that the meaning is \u201ccircle\u201d (Heb. <span lang=\"he\">\u05e2\u05b4\u05d2\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc<\/span>). What does Round About say about it, though? He claims that <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span> should be read as a verb, presumably an <em>qal<\/em> infinitive construct. Just for comparison, let\u2019s look at the <em>qal<\/em> entry for this verb in Even-Shoshan:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif; direction: rtl; unicode-bidi: embed; margin-left: 10px; padding-left: 10px; border-left: 2px solid red;\">\u05e4\u05bc\u05b8\u05e2\u05b7\u05dc <span style=\"font-size: 150%;\">\u05d7\u05b8\u05d2<\/span> 1. (\u05e4\u05f4\u05d9) \u05e2\u05b8\u05e9\u05c2\u05b8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05b4\u05d2\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc, \u05e1\u05b4\u05e8\u05b0\u05d8\u05b5\u05d8 \u05e7\u05b8\u05d5 \u05de\u05b4\u05e1\u05bc\u05b8\u05d1\u05b4\u05d9\u05d1: \u201d\u05d7\u05b9\u05e7 \u05d7\u05b8\u05d2 \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc\u05be\u05e4\u05bc\u05b0\u05e0\u05b5\u05d9\u05be\u05de\u05b8\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd\u201c (\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05db\u05d5 \u05d9). \u05d4\u05b7\u05ea\u05bc\u05b7\u05dc\u05b0\u05de\u05b4\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d7\u05b8\u05d2 \u05e2\u05b4\u05d2\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc \u05d1\u05bc\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b0\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b8\u05d4. 2.<sup>\u05d1<\/sup> (\u05e4&#8221;\u05e2) \u05d4\u05b4\u05e1\u05b0\u05ea\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05d1\u05b5\u05d1, \u05e0\u05b4\u05e9\u05bc\u05c2\u05b8\u05d0 \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05e2\u05b4\u05d2\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05dc: \u201d\u05d5\u05b7\u05d0\u05b2\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc \u05d2\u05bc\u05b7\u05d1 \u05d0\u05b3\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9 \u05ea\u05bc\u05b8\u05dc\u05d5\u05bc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05d1\u05b5\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d5\u05bc\u05d1\u05b5\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05c1\u05b8\u05de\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d0\u05b8\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d5\u05b0\u05d0\u05b8\u05e0\u05d5\u05bc\u05e2\u05b7\u201c (\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d5\u05d9, \u05d0 26). \u201d\u05e6\u05b4\u05e4\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05e8 \u05d6\u05b8\u05d4\u05b8\u05d1, \u05e2\u05d5\u05bc\u05e4\u05b4\u05d9, \u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2\u05b4\u05d9\u201c (\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05e7, \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05d4\u05e8 \u05e4\u05e8\u05ea). \u201d\u05d7\u05b8\u05d2\u05b8\u05d4, \u05e0\u05b8\u05e2\u05b8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b3\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9\u05bc\u05b8\u05d4\u201c (\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05e7, \u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d0 \u05db\u05dc \u05d1\u05d5). [\u05dc\u05b8\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2, \u05d7\u05b8\u05d2 \u05d7\u05b8\u05bd\u05d2\u05b8\u05d4; \u05d7\u05b8\u05d2, \u05d7\u05b8\u05d2\u05b8\u05bd\u05d4; \u05d9\u05b8\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2]<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">In Even-Shoshan, the abbreviation <sup style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">\u05d1<\/sup> means <span lang=\"he\">\u05d1\u05bc\u05b5\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05b9\u05e0\u05b4\u05d9\u05ea<\/span> and refers to medieval Hebrew. The other abbreviations for time periods are: <sup style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">\u05de<\/sup> for biblical (<span lang=\"he\">\u05de\u05b4\u05e7\u05b0\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0\u05b4\u05d9\u05ea<\/span>\u200e), <sup style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">\u05ea<\/sup> for the Hebrew of the rabbinic period (<span lang=\"he\">\u05ea\u05bc\u05b7\u05dc\u05b0\u05de\u05d5\u05bc\u05d3\u05b4\u05d9\u05ea<\/span>), and <sup style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">\u05d7<\/sup> for modern Hebrew (<span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05b2\u05d3\u05b8\u05e9\u05c1\u05b8\u05d4<\/span>). The biblical meaning is to \u201cmake a circle\u201d or \u201cto sketch a line around\u201d something (Even-Shoshan). What could this possibly mean as an infinitive construct? If we took it as a&nbsp;<em>qal<\/em> infinitive construct, it would lead to something like \u201cHe sits above the earth\u2019s sketching of a circle,\u201d which makes no sense.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">It seems to me that Round About is anachronistically importing the modern meaning of <span style=\"font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\">\u05e7\u05b0\u05d1\u05d5\u05bc\u05e6\u05b7\u05ea \u05d0\u05b2\u05e0\u05b8\u05e9\u05c1\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05de\u05bc\u05b4\u05ea\u05b0\u05db\u05bc\u05b7\u05e0\u05bc\u05b0\u05e1\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05b0\u05e2\u05b4\u05ea\u05bc\u05b4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05b0\u05d6\u05bb\u05de\u05bc\u05b8\u05e0\u05d5\u05b9\u05ea \u05dc\u05b0\u05e9\u05c1\u05b5\u05dd \u05e4\u05bc\u05b0\u05e2\u05bb\u05dc\u05bc\u05b8\u05d4 \u05de\u05b0\u05e1\u05bb\u05d9\u05bc\u05b6\u05de\u05b6\u05ea<\/span> (Even-Shoshan fifth meaning), since it has to do with engaging in some type of activity\u2014as if God were looking down on people engaging in their busy activities like a bunch of grasshoppers. This agrees with what he said in the interview, but this isn\u2019t the meaning of this root in biblical Hebrew. That is the meaning that has been created in modern Hebrew, and reading that meaning into the Bible is anachronism. In this way, he takes the <em>noun<\/em> that refers to a group for activities (in the sense, for example, of children engaging in extra-curricular activities after school) and says that it has a verbal meaning within this verse. When we speak the modern counterpart of an ancient language, we must do our best to avoid importing our understanding when reading a text, since the modern meaning may not be represented at all in the uses of the language in the ancient world. This is the case here.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"\">The Syllogism Within<\/h2>\n<p class=\"\">Together with <a style=\"color: blue;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.biblegateway.com\/passage\/?search=Job%2038%3A12-15&amp;version=NRSVUE;WLC\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Job 38:12\u201315<\/a>, those who espouse the flat earth theory often come to the conclusion as the result of a literal approach to reading the Bible that the Tanach suggests that the earth is a flat disk above which God takes his seat. The argument may be written as a syllogism in the following way:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; border-left: 2px solid blue; padding-left: 10px;\">P1 Everything the Tanach plainly states must be believed.<br \/>\nP2 The Tanach plainly states that the earth is flat.<br \/>\n\u2234&nbsp;We must believe that the earth is flat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">This argument clearly hinges on accepting everything from the Bible as literally true\u2014the position of many Evangelicals in the United States\u2014which is why the flat earth argument is gaining so much traction in that demographic. Of course, \u201ctrue\u201d leaves space for non-literal expressions such as metaphor, simile, hyperbole, etc. Yet, when the Bible speaks on any issue, it must have the final word, which is why it is taken to override scientific conclusions (especially evolutionary theory, but also any cosmology). Since the Torah speaks of the vault of the sky as a <span lang=\"he\">\u05e8\u05b8\u05e7\u05b4\u05d9\u05e2\u05b7<\/span>, which is derived from the verb <span lang=\"he\">\u05dc\u05b4\u05e8\u05b0\u05e7\u05b9\u05e2\u05b7<\/span> \u201cto hammer out,\u201d since it specifically says that in order to bring on Noah\u2019s flood God \u201copened the windows of heaven\u201d to allow waters to fall down upon the earth, since it says that God sits above the circular disk of the earth, those who believe in the above syllogism must accept that the earth is flat and has a dome-like firmament above it.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">The alternative conclusion is that the Bible reflects the thinking of the people who wrote it from within the world as they saw and understood it\u2014and we should not expect them to have been hyperscientific and to have understood all of the workings of the world. After all, the inhabitants of earth were completely earth-bound and unable to explore the heavens just over a century ago. For the most part, they were unable to imagine a world beyond what they could see, due not to limitation of the imagine or the reasoning faculty, but due only to the fact that it was reasonable for them to draw conclusions that matched what they saw in the world.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">To the ancients, the world simply stretched out as far as its set limitations existed. Where were those limitations? Only God knew, which is why he is credited in the Bible with \u201cspreading out the earth\u201d (Isaiah 42:5 etc.), implying that he laid it out and knows where it ends. The earth is also said to have \u201cends\u201d and \u201ccorners\u201d (the extents of the four directions) and to be similar to a sheet that is spread out. Only God knew where the earth ended, but it surely ended at some point.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">Nuriel seems to operate from a different syllogism. Whereas the above syllogism forces meaning on the scientific perception of the world, the syllogism undergirding his thinking forces meaning on the text of the Bible. This is the syllogism spelled out:<\/p>\n<p class=\"\" style=\"margin-left: 10px; border-left: 2px solid blue; padding-left: 10px;\">P1 The Bible cannot make any claims that are incorrect.<br \/>\nP2 Flat earth claims are incorrect (the earth is spherical).<br \/>\n\u2234 The Bible cannot make the claim that the earth is flat.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">He first restricts what the Bible can claim, since he rejects the idea that there could possibly be any mistakes in those things which the Bible claims, and this forces him to reinterpret the meanings of the texts that&nbsp;<em>apparently<\/em> represent the perspective of a flat earth. Thus, \u201che sits above the circle of the earth,\u201d which seems to show the earth as a circular disk above which Yahweh looks down upon its inhabitants like humans keep ant farms, must be understood to mean something else\u2014anything else\u2014in order to protect the major premise of his syllogism.<\/p>\n<p class=\"\">To prevent the violation of this principle, he reverts to interpreting the text in ways that he would call fallacious in any other situation. Just as we cannot interpret the word <span lang=\"he\">\u05db\u05bc\u05b7\u05d3\u05bc\u05d5\u05bc\u05e8<\/span> in the Bible to mean \u201cbullet\u201d because there were no guns in biblical times, so we cannot take <span lang=\"he\">\u05d7\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2<\/span> with some modern sense like \u201cengaging in group activities.\u201d That is not what the word meant in the Bible. It literally meant what the English translations indicate\u2014that the earth was being pictured like a flat disk that, if one were seated above it, he could view all of its inhabitants at once like we watch ants in their farms through the side of the glass. Nuriel\u2019s interpretation might be inventive, but being a modern Hebrew speaker does not instantly qualify one for biblical interpretation. And in this case, the anachronism has caused a problem and led him to an incorrect conclusion. The Bible has the earth as a flat disk above which sits a dome that separates waters above it from the waters of the seas. The disk sits on foundations, and God laid those foundations and knows where the earth\u2019s ends lie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u05d4\u05b7\u05d9\u05b9\u05bc\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05d1\u0599 \u05e2\u05b7\u05dc\u05be\u05d7\u05a3\u05d5\u05bc\u05d2 \u05d4\u05b8\u05d0\u05b8\u0594\u05e8\u05b6\u05e5 \u05d5\u05b0\u05d9\u05b9\u05e9\u05b0\u05c1\u05d1\u05b6\u0596\u05d9\u05d4\u05b8 \u05db\u05b7\u05bc\u05d7\u05b2\u05d2\u05b8\u05d1\u05b4\u0591\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05b7\u05e0\u05bc\u05d5\u05b9\u05d8\u05b6\u05a4\u05d4 \u05db\u05b7\u05d3\u05b9\u05bc\u05e7\u0599 \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u0594\u05d9\u05b4\u05dd \u05d5\u05b7\u05d9\u05b4\u05bc\u05de\u05b0\u05ea\u05b8\u05bc\u05d7\u05b5\u05a5\u05dd \u05db\u05b8\u05bc\u05d0\u05b9\u0596\u05d4\u05b6\u05dc \u05dc\u05b8\u05e9\u05b8\u05bd\u05c1\u05d1\u05b6\u05ea\u05c3 Isaiah 40:22, MT I find it strange that the question of the earth\u2019s shape even comes up among semi-intelligent people today. How has society so debased itself that people have reverted to primitive thinking and pre-scientific reliance on nothing but what your five senses [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"bgseo_title":"","bgseo_description":"","bgseo_robots_index":"index","bgseo_robots_follow":"follow","_uf_show_specific_survey":0,"_uf_disable_surveys":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[107,108,10],"class_list":["post-3250","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-categories","tag-flat-earth","tag-flerf","tag-modern"],"aioseo_notices":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3250","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3250"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3250\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3317,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3250\/revisions\/3317"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3250"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3250"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thehebrewcafe.com\/main\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3250"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}